Jurnal Kejuruteraan, Teknologi and Sains Sosial (JKTSS)
Jurnal Kejuruteraan, Teknologi & Sains Sosial (Journal of Engineering, Technology & Social Sciences) JKTSS is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that provides immediate and free access to quality research. The journal serves as a platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students to publish original research papers, case studies, and literature reviews. It aims to promote the exchange of knowledge and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration in the fields of engineering, technology, and social sciences. Committed to academic integrity and quality, the journal follows a rigorous peer-review process and welcomes contributions from both local and international authors. ISSN : 2289-9324 | e-ISSN : 2716-6848 Publisher : Politeknik Ungku Omar Country : Malaysia Publication type : Both online and print Publication frequency : 1 time per year (May/June) Open Access Policy JKTSS is an open access journal. All articles are freely available online immediately after publication. The journal uses the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, allowing others to share and reuse content with proper attribution. Authors keep the copyright to their work. No subscription or article processing charges (APCs) are applied.
FABRICATION OF AUTO STABILIZING SPOON USING 3D PRINTER
This research focuses on the development of an Auto Stabilizing Spoon, a low-cost, self- stabilizing assistive device designed to help individuals with hand tremors eat more easily and independently. Hand tremors, often associated with neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor, significantly hinder daily activities like eating, impacting quality of life and dignity. The primary objective of this project is to minimize food spillage during consumption, thereby improving the eating experience for affected individuals. To achieve this, the spoon was designed using advanced 3D modeling software, which allowed precise customization of dimensions and mechanical features to accommodate the specific needs of users. The prototype was manufactured through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology using PLA filament. This method was selected due to its advantages in producing lightweight, durable, and cost-effective prototypes, while also offering ease of iteration for future design improvements. After fabrication, the prototype underwent functional testing with a patient diagnosed with hand tremors. The tests focused on evaluating the spoon’s ability to stabilize against involuntary hand movements during eating activities. Results demonstrated that the Auto Stabilizing Spoon effectively reduced food spillage and enhanced the patient’s ability to eat independently. The findings suggest that this design offers a promising, affordable solution for individuals with tremor-related disabilities. Future work will focus on refining the stabilization mechanism, integrating smart sensors for adaptive control, and expanding the design to other eating utensils to further support independent living among patients with motor impairments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Kejuruteraan, Teknologi and Sains Sosial (JKTSS)
A GREEN SOLUTION FOR PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY: KARAKURI-INSPIRED SUPPLY TROLLEY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
The delivery of product parts during assembly is a critical factor that significantly influences the overall efficiency and effectiveness of manufacturing operations. Inefficiencies in part transfer processes—particularly excessive movement and delays between platforms—can lead to increased operational costs, reduced productivity, and heightened physical strain on workers. Addressing these issues, this study presents a green and sustainable solution through the design and analysis of a Karakuri-inspired supply trolley aimed at optimizing part delivery within assembly areas. The proposed trolley leverages gravity and simple mechanical linkages to operate without needing electrical or pneumatic systems, thereby reducing energy consumption and maintenance requirements. The design process encompasses concept development, modelling of essential features, and thorough performance evaluation using working cycle analysis. CAD modelling and physical prototype testing were employed to validate the design’s functionality and potential contribution to lean manufacturing practices. Results demonstrate that the Karakuri-inspired trolley effectively reduces unnecessary motion and streamlines material flow, contributing to a notable reduction in production cycle time. In addition to enhancing workflow efficiency, the design also minimizes worker fatigue, supports ergonomic improvements, and aligns with sustainability goals by minimizing environmental impact. The integration of this trolley into production lines has the potential to elevate part handling efficiency while promoting consistent production quality.
DEVELOPMENT PROTOTYPE JIG AND FIXTURE USING PNEUMATIC SYSTEM FOR TEACHING AID
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is essential for workforce preparation, as it blends theoretical knowledge with practical, competency-based learning to equip learners with industry-specific skills and real-world experience, setting it apart from traditional education. In Polytechnic Banting Selangor, students in semester five (5) are learning "DJF51072 Jig and Fixtures Design” course. Jig and fixtures are mechanical devices used to support the workpiece while it is being held during manufacturing. One of the issues that can be found in delivering the teaching process to the students of TVET is when those students try hard to understand the concept and function of jigs and fixtures in the drilling process, without having teaching aids and proper tools as a reference. To overcome this problem, a development prototype teaching aid jigs and fixtures for process drilling using a pneumatic system, 3D printer, CAD software, an automotive part, and several types of clamping are required. The results of the development of this prototype teaching aid, all students who followed the learning of the subject DJF51072 gave 90.3% of respondents strongly agreed that the use of this prototype helped them understand the concept of jig and fixture using pneumatic systems better. In conclusion, the development of this innovative Jig and Fixture teaching aid has a positive impact on the learning experience of TVET students and supports the objective of sustainable education. This study suggests that this teaching aid can be widely used in TVET institutions as an innovative, environmentally friendly learning tool, and has the potential to be improved with the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) applications in the future.
DEVELOP STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) FOR AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR (AEO)
Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) is a certificate or accreditation granted by Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMCD) to a company that applies for and is eligible to be an AEO certificate holder. To be qualified for the AEO certificate holder, certain RMCD regulations and restrictions must be met. Company M is working on the AEO application because there are numerous benefits to being an AEO certificate holder. Company M, on the other hand, lacks a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the movement of goods, which is one of the requirements and conditions for acquiring the AEO certificate from RMCD. As a result, this project is presented to address the constraint and achieve the goal of obtaining the AEO accreditation.
ECO-THRUST: DESIGNING A LIQUID HYDROGEN ROCKET NOZZLE WITH COMPRESSED AIR VALIDATION FOR SUSTAINABLE PROPULSION
This action research presents the development of a high-efficiency convergent-divergent nozzle designed for a small-scale liquid hydrogen (LH2) rocket engine, contributing to sustainable aerospace propulsion through Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). The project employed a plan-act-observe-reflect cycle to optimize nozzle design, theoretically leveraging the clean combustion characteristics of LH2 to reduce fuel consumption and enhance environmental sustainability. The nozzle was designed using computer-aided design (CAD) tools, applying principles of thermodynamics and fluid dynamics to maximize exhaust velocity for an LH2-based system. For safe and practical validation, static thrust tests were conducted using compressed air as a simulant propellant to assess the nozzle’s structural integrity and thrust measurement system. Stainless steel, chosen for its recyclability and mechanical strength, was machined into an integrated nozzle-combustion chamber structure to ensure durability. Tests demonstrated effective thrust generation, with the test cart displacing 0.25 cm in 0.6 seconds at initial thrust and 2.5 cm in 0.2 seconds at peak thrust, validating the design’s performance under simulated conditions. Challenges such as pressure spikes due to increased propellant flow and machining imperfections underscored the need for precision fabrication. Reflections highlighted the importance of sustainable manufacturing and safe testing practices in TVET, promoting green engineering. This study enhances practical competencies in design, machining, and performance analysis, reinforcing TVET’s role in advancing low-emission propulsion systems for reusable launch vehicles and climate monitoring applications.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE AIRCRAFT REFUELING STATION FOR SMALL AIRCRAFT IN POLITEKNIK BANTING SELANGOR
A novel Portable Aircraft Refueling Station (PARS) has been developed to provide hands-on fuel-handling experience for aviation maintenance students. The prototype integrates a fuel tank, 12V DC pump with auto-shutoff nozzle, 12V beacon, and an Arduino microcontroller with an ultrasonic level sensor and LCD display for real-time fuel monitoring. Its novelty lies in combining a compact, low-cost refueling cart with digital monitoring and safety features (grounding strap, emergency stop) in an educational context. In a post-survey (n=51, Semester 5 Aircraft Maintenance Engineering students at Politeknik Banting Selangor), significant learning gains were observed. For example, mean self-rated confidence in refueling procedures rose from 2.9 to 4.3 (on a 5-point Likert scale) and understanding of fuel system concepts from 3.1 to 4.5. Over 90% of students strongly agreed that PARS made training more engaging and realistic. These improvements were therefore significant. Compared to traditional lecture-only instruction, this practical training approach boosted comprehension and retention of fueling tasks. To our knowledge, PARS is among the first portable, Arduino-based refueling training rigs reported for small-aircraft maintenance, addressing gaps in existing facility availability. This paper details the PARS design, experimental setup, and evaluation for aviation maintenance education and potential to enhance hands-on skill development.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRTUAL REALITY TRAINING MODULE FOR AIRCRAFT FLIGHT INSTRUMENT
This study addresses the challenges faced by aircraft maintenance students in identifying and understanding basic flight instruments due to limitations in traditional teaching methods. To improve learning outcomes, a Virtual Reality (VR) based application was developed to provide an immersive and interactive training experience. The project followed three main phases: design, development, and evaluation. Using 3D modelling and the Unity platform, six essential flight instruments were recreated in a virtual cockpit environment. The application allowed students to explore instrument functions through realistic interaction. Its effectiveness was assessed through pre- and post-tests conducted with diploma level aircraft maintenance students. Results showed a significant improvement in post-test scores, with the mean score increased significantly to 94%. Feedback also indicated increased engagement, ease of use, and interest in learning. These findings highlight the value of VR as a complementary tool in aviation education, supporting deeper comprehension and greater student involvement compared to conventional methods. The study concludes that VR-based learning can enhance both the quality and effectiveness of technical training.
THE DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE COMPRESSOR: LEARNING KIT FOR SEMESTER 4 IN POLITEKNIK BANTING
Understanding the operational theory of aircraft engine compressors, especially axial compressors, is a challenge for aircraft maintenance students due to the lack of effective visual tools that demonstrate airflow dynamics and component interactions. This study aims to design a high-fidelity aircraft engine compressor learning kit. A survey was conducted among aircraft maintenance student’s semester 4 to identify critical learning challenges, and the findings were analysed using a Pareto diagram to prioritize design features based on student needs. To generate and evaluate multiple design alternatives, a morphological matrix was used for concept development, while the final design selection was made using a Pugh matrix, ensuring optimal balance of functionality, cost, and educational effectiveness. The implementation of the learning kit resulted in a 30% to 42% increase in student comprehension of compressor airflow dynamics, pressure stages recognition, rotor/ stator stage functionality, overall concept understanding, and hand-on confidence, based on pre- and post-intervention assessments over 50 students from Semester 4. Over 80% of students reported better engagement and understanding with the kit compared to traditional methods. This project successfully bridges the gap between theoretical and practical learning, enhancing students' understanding and preparing them for real-world aerospace maintenance tasks.
IRRADIATION PERFORMANCE ON SOLAR PV PANELS AT POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR
The performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels is highly dependent on solar irradiation, which varies according to location, time of day, and weather conditions. This study investigates the impact of solar irradiation on PV panel performance specifically at Politeknik Ungku Omar, (PUO) aiming to identify the optimal operating conditions for maximum energy yield. This study utilizes experimental setups across different climatic regions to assess the influences of irradiation on key performance indicators such as voltage, current, and power output. A real-time monitoring system was developed using a custom-built data logger integrated with sensor for measuring solar irradiance as well as voltage and current sensors connected to the PV panels. Data were collected continuously over a four-day period under natural outdoor conditions on PUO. Measurements included solar irradiance (W/m²), voltage (V) and current (A), captured at five-minute intervals between 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily. The result of the study shows the sunlight at PUO using optimal panel orientation suitable to produced maximum power output especially at peak hours between 10.00am to 1.00pm. This finding also compared from Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) shown the pattern of power output and irradiation is closely same for both regions which are power output range between 50W to 56W with irradiation approximately 457W/m2.
A SMART RASPBERRY PI-BASED SYSTEM FOR MICROSLEEP DETECTION USING EYE-TRACKING AND IMAGE PROCESSING
Microsleep is a brief, involuntary sleep episode that often occurs without the individual's awareness, particularly in monotonous situations such as long-distance driving. This condition poses a significant safety risk as it can result in a sudden loss of vehicle control. This project develops a microsleep detection system based on the Raspberry Pi 4, designed to detect early signs of microsleep and deliver immediate alerts to the user. The system integrates camera-based eye-tracking technology with facial recognition and advanced image processing algorithms to monitor physiological indicators such as eye closure, blink rate, and head movement. Visual data from the camera is utilized to identify slow blink patterns and the absence of visual responses that are consistent with microsleep symptoms. When an episode is detected, the system activates a dual-mode alert mechanism using visual signals (LED) and auditory warnings (buzzer) to provide real-time feedback and help prevent potential accidents. The system design balances user-friendliness with physical durability and functional efficiency by integrating a webcam, LEDs, buzzer, and a custom protective casing. The software algorithms are also optimized to achieve high sensitivity and accuracy during the detection process. Research findings indicate that the developed microsleep detection system shows strong potential as an effective and affordable safety tool, particularly in transportation and industrial sectors, with the ability to reduce incidents caused by human error. Tested in a controlled environment with participants engaged in continuous visual tasks, the system achieved 87% accuracy, 90% sensitivity, and 84% positive precision, while maintaining a lower false positive rate of 11% compared to camera-only systems. With an average response time of 1.4 seconds after detecting eye closure beyond 2 seconds, and by combining Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) readings with reflective IR sensor data, the system demonstrated enhanced robustness and reduced reliance on a single signal source. Further research is recommended to integrate advanced sensors, refine algorithms, and develop intelligent feedback mechanisms to improve real-world performance.
IMPROVEMENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) USING INDOOR FLOATING GARDEN
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an Indoor Floating Garden (IFG) system in improving indoor air quality by reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, in alignment with the principles of green engineering in the field of Mechanical Engineering. The IFG system was designed as a modular, water-based floating plant installation with existing aquarium placed in a indoor space measuring 20 m². CO₂ concentrations were monitored over a 7-day period using anemometer, with measurements recorded every 3 hours within 8:00 am to 5:00pm respectively. A control room without the IFG system was used for comparative analysis. The results showed that the IFG system successfully reduced average CO₂ concentrations by 23.4% compared to the control room, with a maximum daily reduction of up to 227 ppm. Plants such as Epipremnum aureum was identified as key contributors to CO₂ absorption through active photosynthesis on the water surface. Overall, the use of IFG as a passive approach to indoor CO₂ control presents significant potential in green engineering applications. This innovation not only contributes to the sustainable enhancement of indoor air quality but also offers integration possibilities in modern building designs to reduce reliance on energy intensive mechanical ventilation systems.
HARNESSING CAMPUS WATER FLOW: A CASE STUDY ON MINI HYDRO GENERATOR VOLTAGE OUTPUT AT POLYTECHNIC UNGKU OMAR
This case study investigates the potential of utilizing a mini hydro generator system within a Polytechnic campus to generate electrical energy, with a primary focus on voltage output. As global concerns over sustainable energy sources continue to rise, exploring alternative and environmentally friendly power solutions has become increasingly relevant, particularly in educational institutions. The objective of this project is to evaluate the performance of a small-scale hydroelectric system in producing usable voltage output using natural or existing water flow within the campus environment. A mini hydro prototype was designed and installed at a location with continuous water movement, such as a drainage channel or an artificial stream. The system includes a water turbine connected to a DC generator. Voltage output data were collected under varying flow rates and environmental conditions to determine the reliability and stability of the generated electricity. The results demonstrated that the system could produce a voltage output ranging from 1V to 3V, depending on water velocity and turbine efficiency. Although the generated voltage is modest, it is adequate to serve as an initial input for voltage boosting circuits, enabling broader electrical applications to support small-scale applications such as powering LED lighting, mobile device charging, and basic electronic equipment. These findings indicate that mini hydro systems have potential as a supplementary renewable energy source on campus while offering hands-on learning opportunities for students in the fields of electrical engineering, environmental studies, and sustainable technology. Furthermore, this project highlights the practical implications of using low-cost and low-maintenance technologies to harness naturally available energy. In conclusion, the implementation of a mini hydro generator not only supports energy sustainability goals but also enriches the Polytechnic’s role in promoting green innovation through real-world applications.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WEEKLY PRIORITY PERFORMANCE CONTROL AT OPERATION
This study aims to improve departmental performance by implementing a weekly Key Performance Indicator (KPI) monitoring system. The conventional monthly KPI review has limitations in detecting operational inefficiencies and identifying root causes in a timely manner. Therefore, a weekly data tracking structure was developed using Microsoft Excel to enable continuous monitoring and early intervention. The methodology involved collecting and analysing six months of operational data, including production output, material usage, and rejection rates. Comparative analysis before and after implementation showed a significant improvement in KPI achievement, with increased productivity and reduced waste. These findings suggest that weekly monitoring offers a more responsive and effective approach to performance management. The study contributes to lean operational strategies by demonstrating a simple yet impactful system that aligns with long-term strategic goals and enhances real-time decision-making in industrial settings.
PRODUCT DESIGN IMPROVEMENT OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL WHEELBARROW
This study was conducted to redesign a wheelbarrow commonly used in workshop environments, focusing on improving efficiency, safety, and ergonomic handling during the transportation of heavy loads. The original design was found to have several limitations, including low stability, difficulty in manoeuvring within confined spaces, and discomfort due to poor handle placement and unbalanced weight distribution. The main objective of this study was to address these issues by developing a more user-friendly and practical design that suits real workshop conditions. The methodology involved analysing the existing design, developing a new model, and conducting performance testing in an actual workshop environment. Performance was assessed through physical observation, measurement of load transfer time, and user satisfaction surveys. The results showed significant improvements in handling, load stability, and user fatigue reduction. The new design also contributed to reduce task completion time and smoother movement across workshop areas. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that redesigning basic equipment like the wheelbarrow can significantly improve work effectiveness, enhance safety, and provide greater user comfort in daily workshop operations.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SORTING SCREW MACHINE FOR TOOLING WORKSHOP
This project is to design and development of sorting screw machine for tooling workshop of Company XY Sdn. Bhd. Company XY Sdn. Bhd is a global leader in engineered materials and optoelectronic component. Efficient screw sorting is essential in tooling workshops, where a wide range of fasteners must be prepared quickly for machining and assembly. Manual sorting is slow, labour-intensive, and prone to error, which reduces overall productivity. This study presents the design and development of a sorting screw machine for tooling workshops to improve efficiency through simple, low-cost automation. The machine integrates a screw feeder, sorting mechanism, and channeling unit equipped with sensors to classify screws by size and type. The design was developed using computer-aided drafting (CAD) and subsequently fabricated into a working prototype. Experimental tests were conducted to measure screw detection, sorting speed, and accuracy across repeated cycles. Data were collected on sorting time, error rate, and throughput to evaluate machine performance. The prototype machine demonstrated significant improvements compared to manual methods. Sorting time was reduced, achieving an average efficiency gain of more than 35%. Accuracy remained stable, with errors within ±2% across multiple trials. Error analysis confirmed consistent performance and reliable operation of the system. Preliminary cost-benefit analysis suggests that the use of this machine can reduce dependence on manual labour, lower operational costs, and improve overall workflow in screw handling. From an industrial perspective, the machine offers a practical solution to enhance productivity and minimize inefficiencies in tooling workshops. From a research perspective, it contributes to the literature on low-cost automation and machine design, demonstrating the feasibility of automated screw sorting for small- to medium-scale applications. In conclusion, the developed sorting screw machine improves speed, accuracy, and efficiency compared to manual methods, offering benefits for both industrial practice and further academic investigation.
EARLY EXPOSURE, FUTURE SKILLS: ACCEPTANCE OF TVET AMONG KAMPUNG SAHOM’S ORANG ASLI PRIMARY PUPILS
This study investigates the acceptance and perception of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) among Orang Asli primary school students in Kampung Sahom, Perak, Malaysia—an underserved community with limited exposure to technical education pathways. As part of the PUO MechCare community outreach initiative by Department of Mechanical Engineering, a one-day experiential learning program was conducted at Sekolah Kebangsaan Sahom, featuring hands-on activities such as welding simulation, basic electromagnetism, and 3D printing demonstrations. The objective was to provide early exposure to TVET elements and assess students’ interest, awareness, and engagement. A mixed-method approach was employed, incorporating pre- and post-program questionnaires and an observation checklist to evaluate both cognitive and behavioural responses. A total of 38 students participated in the program. Results indicated clear improvements, with awareness more than doubling and interest in technical skills and career aspirations increasing significantly. Observational data further confirmed high levels of engagement, though misconceptions persisted for instance, some students associated engineers with pilots. Overall, the findings highlight the value of early TVET exposure in rural and indigenous communities, showing how targeted outreach can inspire interest, clarify career pathways, and promote inclusive education opportunities from a young age.
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF THE D63D SUN-VISOR JIG IN IMPROVING PRODUCT QUALITY AND REDUCING DEFECTS
In automotive manufacturing, precision in component assembly is vital for overall product quality. The existing quality control process for the D63D sun-visor faced inefficiencies, accuracy limitations and safety concerns. This study evaluates a newly developed jig designed to improve inspection efficiency, accuracy and ergonomics. Using time-based comparisons, surveys and production output analysis the jig was found to reduce inspection time by about 20.4%, standardize operator performance, and enhance safety. The survey results indicate a highly positive reception of the new jig used in sun-visor manufacturing among Quality Control (QC) personnel. The data reveals that the jig has significantly enhanced quality control operations which 85.7% reported a substantial improvement in accuracy, 92.9% observed a significant increase in task efficiency, and 71.4% noted a marked reduction in defects and errors. Furthermore, the ergonomic evaluation was overwhelmingly favourable with 92.9% of respondents stating the jig is very comfortable and easy to use. Following implementation, production output increased while rejection and rework rates declined significantly. These results demonstrate that the jig contributes to higher productivity, improved quality control and a safer working environment.
ENHANCING CONTAINER LOADING EFFICIENCY WITH A MOBILE BARCODE SCANNING APPLICATION
Recent advancements in microprocessor technology have significantly enhanced the capabilities of mobile phones, enabling them to perform functions once limited to personal computers. This paper presents the design and implementation of a mobile application developed using the Scan It-Office platform, aimed at improving the container loading process through barcode-based automation. The application integrates barcode scanning functionality using the smartphone’s built-in camera, eliminating the need for dedicated scanning hardware. By capturing and decoding barcode information directly from containers, the system enables real-time identification and tracking, reducing manual data entry and minimizing errors. The methodology involved developing the mobile application with barcode decoding features using Scan It-Office, followed by field testing across multiple container loading operations. Time taken for loading using the manual method (by workers) was compared with the mobile barcode scanner system across nine containers. Each test recorded the number of items processed, the time spent and calculated the efficiency gains. Results showed that the mobile system consistently reduced container loading time by 75% to 90%, demonstrating its reliability, speed, and effectiveness as a practical logistics solution.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RISKS FROM OVERSPRAY IN AUTOMOTIVE WORKSHOPS: A CFD-BASED ANALYSIS
Overspray generated during automotive spray-painting processes poses significant occupational health risks, particularly in small to medium enterprises that often lack adequate ventilation and safety protocols. This study investigates the correlation between paint overspray dispersion and the development of health conditions such as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) among workshop personnel. Utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the research models the behaviour of airborne paint particles under varying spray angles and environmental conditions. The findings reveal that improper spraying techniques, especially at arced angles, result in a substantial increase in airborne particulates, with up to 70% of the paint material becoming airborne and failing to adhere to the target surface. Particle concentrations reached as high as 0.85 kg/m³ in simulated environments, with dispersion distances exceeding 1.5 meters from the spray origin. These conditions contribute directly to SBS symptoms such as respiratory irritation, headaches, and chronic fatigue. The study highlights the critical need for controlled spray environments, optimized spray techniques, and the implementation of effective extraction systems. It also provides evidence-based recommendations for mitigating health risks through informed workshop design and procedural interventions.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF FUEL OIL PIPING SYSTEM SUPPORT ON THE VIBRATION
Vibration in pipelines is often an underestimated aspect in the design and construction of piping systems, particularly within multi-purpose offshore vessels where fuel lines are critical to operational reliability and safety. This study investigates the impact of piping system support on reducing vibration in the design and construction of piping systems. This study provides simulation-based insights that demonstrate optimised support configurations to significantly enhance the structural integrity and operational safety. Previous studies have predominantly focused on pipeline vibration in isolation, without integrating the structural role of support systems. This study fills the gap by integrating piping support design with vibration mitigation in the fuel oil piping systems. The simulation approach utilises pipe software to simulate various support configurations and evaluate their effectiveness in reducing vibration. Comparative simulations were conducted between an existing model with minimal support and an optimised model with additional support. The results indicate that strategically placed supports can significantly reduce both vibration amplitudes, thereby enhancing structural integrity and reducing the risk of mechanical failure. This study reveals that the simulation-based approach not only bridges a critical research gap but also provides practical insight and design guidance for marine engineers and pipeline designers. The findings can serve as a reference framework for future studies and the development of support strategies aimed at improving the durability and performance of piping systems in harsh offshore environments.
The trolley is a fundamental mechanical device for transporting loads. Traditional designs, however, are often task-specific, which limits their versatility and can lead to ergonomic issues like user strain from bending to lift heavy items. This project introduces a smart adjustable utility trolley that integrates a scissor jack mechanism to provide adjustable height, directly addressing these limitations. By combining features from airport and shopping mall trolleys, the design emphasizes ergonomics, functionality, and affordability. The primary goal was to develop a durable, multifunctional, and user-friendly trolley that minimizes physical strain. The methodology included a literature review, conceptual design, material selection, fabrication, and a comparative analysis. The resulting prototype is a cost-effective and easy to maintain. Key future enhancements include incorporating a weight measurement system to prevent overloading. This innovative lifting trolley presents a practical solution for handling heavy loads, significantly improving convenience and user safety.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE FILTER CLEANER USING COMPRESSED AIR IN PACKAGE
This study focuses on the development of a marine filter cleaning device using compressed air technology, specially designed for application within the confined spaces of a ship's engine room. The research aims to address the challenges of filter maintenance in tight and demanding marine environments by introducing an innovative solution that is compact, portable, efficient, and user-friendly. The development of this tool incorporates the use of high-quality materials such as acrylic, PVC, aluminum piping, and anti-slip rubber, combined with a high-pressure compressed air system to ensure a more effective cleaning process without damaging the original structure of the filter. Through a series of simulated experiments conducted in a controlled environment, the device has demonstrated its capability to significantly reduce cleaning time, improve the cleanliness level of filters, and optimize workspace utilization on board. The tool's performance reflects its potential to lower long- term maintenance costs and enhance the overall operational efficiency of marine vessels by minimizing downtime. This advancement not only brings economic benefits but also promotes operational reliability in maritime operations. Moreover, this innovation supports the national TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) agenda by encouraging practical skills development and strengthening research and development (R&D) in the field of marine engineering. The project also provides a platform for applied learning, bridging theoretical knowledge with real-world technical challenges and fostering innovation among students and marine professionals. Overall, the findings of this research present a novel approach with the potential to revolutionize marine maintenance practices by making them more systematic, cost-effective, and sustainable. This solution is aligned with the evolving needs of the modern maritime industry, which demands increased efficiency, safety, and environmental responsibility. The success of this project highlights the importance of integrating engineering innovation with practical application, reinforcing the role of technology in advancing maritime maintenance standards.
STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE SMARTPHONE HOLDER ANCHOR VIA CATIA V5 SIMULATION
The use of smartphones in daily life is increasing, making phone holders a necessity for various activities such as watching videos, answering video calls, or using them while working. This study focuses on the design and structural optimization of the smartphone holder anchor using CATIA V5 software. This project involves 3D drawing, finite element analysis (FEA), as well as design optimization and material selection. The main components, namely the ‘anchor’ and were analysed under static loads to study the stress and displacement response. The analysis results showed that the ABS material used was able to withstand the maximum applied stress, and the optimized design successfully reduced the mass without compromising the structural strength. This material reduction also had a positive impact on the overall production cost. This study proves that through a simulation and optimization approach, efficient and cost-effective designs can be achieved in the development of everyday products such as phone holders.
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING EDUCATION: ANALYZING PRACTICES IN MECHANICAL AND AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FINAL YEAR PROJECTS
Sustainability has become a critical element of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), with future engineering professionals expected to address global environmental challenges. Final Year Projects (FYPs) serve as a key platform for students to demonstrate how well they understand and apply sustainability principles. This study examines sustainability practices in FYPs at the Mechanical Engineering and Aircraft Maintenance Departments of Politeknik Banting Selangor (PBS), using survey responses from 47 student groups. The analysis focused on students’ awareness, the extent of sustainability integration, the aspects addressed, project contributions, and the challenges encountered. Findings show that more than half of the students reported a good understanding of sustainability, and 61.1% recognized its importance in engineering projects. Notably, 66.7% of Aircraft Maintenance students indicated full integration of sustainability, while Mechanical Engineering students more often reported partial adoption. Although many students engaged with sustainability—driven by project requirements or personal interest—the limited role of faculty guidance and institutional support reduced the depth of integration. By framing the results through Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle and connecting them to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), the study provides a novel perspective on how students not only acquire knowledge but also reflect on and act upon sustainability concepts. This contribution enriches the relatively underexplored TVET context and underscores the need for clearer guidelines, faculty training, and stronger industry partnerships to support meaningful sustainability integration. Future research should expand this work through longitudinal tracking of graduates and comparative studies across institutions.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRESSING PROCESS FOR COFFEE WASTE FIRE STARTER MACHINE
The global transition toward sustainable energy has strengthened the search for biofuels derived from agricultural waste, with coffee waste emerging as a promising biomass resource. This study presents the development of a pressing process for producing fire starter briquettes from coffee waste, focusing on the optimization of parameters that influence performance and combustion quality. A customized pneumatic pressing apparatus was designed to evaluate the effects of compression pressure, processing time, and cycle time on briquette properties. The briquettes were further characterized in terms of density, mechanical strength, moisture reduction, and final moisture content, as these factors directly impact durability and ignition efficiency. Comparative tests were conducted on two distinct briquette dimensions to assess geometric influence on burning behaviour and handling properties. Standardized performance evaluation included ignition and burn time, supported by graphical analysis of the relationship between moisture content after drying (%) and drying time (seconds) for different coffee waste samples. Results indicate that higher compression pressures and optimized cycle times significantly enhance density and mechanical strength while reducing residual moisture content, thereby improving combustion stability. Briquettes produced under these conditions exhibited consistent burning profiles, favourable cohesive qualities, and reduced emission levels compared to conventional biomass fire starters. The findings confirm that coffee waste briquettes processed through optimized pressing and drying protocols can provide energy outputs comparable to traditional fire starters while addressing waste management challenges. This work demonstrates the dual benefits of utilizing coffee waste as a carbon-neutral fuel and advancing scalable briquetting technology in agro-industrial communities.
KEBERKESANAN PENGETAHUAN UNDANG-UNDANG MARITIM DALAM PEMBELAJARAN KEJURUTERAAN MARIN
Pengetahuan mengenai undang-undang maritim merupakan satu perkara penting yang perlu dipelajari khususnya kepada pelajar dalam bidang kejuruteraan marin. Namun begitu, sejauh mana pengetahuan berkaitan undang-undang ini membantu dalam pembelajaran mereka. Justeru itu kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti manakah jenis Undang-Undang Maritim yang pelajar kejuruteraan maritim mempunyai pengetahuan asas dan menilai sejauh mana pengetahuan undang-undang maritim membantu dalam pembelajaran kejuruteraan marin. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kaedah kuantitatif menggunakan tinjauan soal selidik ke atas pelajar. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 96 pelajar daripada program kejuruteraan marin di Politeknik Ungku Omar. Analisis yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah analisis deskriptif untuk menentukan tahap setiap item. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahawa majoriti pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan asas undang-undang Konvensyen Antarabangsa untuk Pencegahan Pencemaran dari Kapal (MARPOL). Selain itu, hasil kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa majoriti responden bersetuju bahawa pengetahuan Undang-Undang Maritim membantu pelajar untuk mengambil bahagian dalam perdagangan antarabangsa. Kajian ini penting kepada membantu pensyarah mahupun institusi untuk mencari strategi pembelajaran yang lebih baik supaya menambah pengetahuan unda-undang maritim kepada pelajar. Kajian ini mencadangkan supaya menggunakan simulasi kes undang-undang maritim atau latihan praktikal yang melibatkan senario sebenar, seperti penyelesaian pertikaian atau pematuhan peraturan antarabangsa.
KEBERKESANAN SIMULATOR ENJIN KAPAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN KEJURUTERAAN MARIN
Penggunaan simulator enjin kapal dalam pembelajaran kejuruteraan marin semakin berkembang sebagai pendekatan hands-on untuk meningkatkan pemahaman teori dan kemahiran praktikal pelajar. Namun begitu, tidak semua penggunaan simulasi berkesan kerana simulator mungkin tidak sepenuhnya mencerminkan keadaan sebenar. Dalam simulasi mekanikal, ia mungkin tidak mampu meniru semua elemen interaksi dunia sebenar, seperti kesan persekitaran atau faktor manusia. Justeru, kajian ini dijalankan untuk a) mengenal pasti ciri menarik simulator enjin kapal dalam pembelajaran kejuruteraan marin, dan b) menilai sejauh mana tahap keberkesanan penggunaan simulator enjin kapal dalam meningkatkan penguasaan kursus kejuruteraan marin dalam kalangan pelajar. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kaedah kuantitatif menggunakan tinjauan soal selidik ke atas pelajar. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 96 pelajar daripada program kejuruteraan marin di Politeknik Ungku Omar. Analisis yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah analisis deskriptif untuk menentukan tahap setiap item. Hasil analisis menunjukkan majoriti responden bersetuju mereka tertarik dengan simulator enjin kapal disebabkan oleh fungsi enjin yang disimulasikan dengan tepat. Hasil kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa majoriti responden bersetuju bahawa simulasi dapat meminimumkan kecemasan pelajar semasa latihan praktikal sebenar. Kajian ini penting kerana ia menilai keberkesanan penggunaan simulator enjin kapal dalam pembelajaran kejuruteraan marin, yang merupakan elemen kritikal dalam latihan pelaut dan jurutera kapal. Dengan memahami sejauh mana simulator dapat meningkatkan pemahaman teori, kemahiran teknikal, dan kecekapan menyelesaikan masalah, institusi pendidikan dapat merangka strategi pengajaran yang lebih berkesan dan selaras dengan keperluan industri maritim.
RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE OF GNP/Ag/SA HYBRIDIZATION STRETCHABLE CONDUCTIVE INK ON CYCLIC BENDING
In this rapidly changing era, new needs and demands for electronic products, particularly flexible electronics, necessitate ever-superior qualities, particularly in terms of flexible and stretchable devices. As a result, the goal of this research is to look into the behaviour of GNP hybrid-based conductive ink when subjected to cyclic bending, which can explain the material's flexibility performance. Sample made with hybrid GNPs and organic solvents. The ink was printed on a single crystal copper (Cu) substrate with two different samples in terms of average graphene size, 5 μm and 25 μm, at three distinct points. The lowest sample with the highest resistance or conductivity was tested using conductive ink characterisation. The electrical performance under cyclic bending conditions shows that the lower the resistivity value, the smaller the average particle size of the hybrid GNP particles. This study's overall findings provide a deeper insight, particularly in terms of selecting acceptable conductive ink qualities that can endure recurrent bending fatigue. Substrate flexibility and bending resistance performance are significant aspects for obtaining optimal electrical and to reduce strain on the ink during bending, resulting in better ink electrical conductivity retention.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTY CHANGES OF GNP HYBRID CONDUCTIVE INKS UNDER TORSIONAL LOADING ON FLEXIBLE COPPER SUBSTRATES
This study investigated the effect of torsion cycles on the electrical properties of conductive materials at two different displacement levels (5 μm and 25 μm) to understand the changes in the material microstructure. The samples were studied using a controlled torsion method for 500 cycles, measuring resistance and resistivity, and the results were obtained before and after the test using the two-point probe technique. The results showed a significant increase in both parameters: at 5 μm, the average resistance increased by 7.6% (0.844 Ω to 0.908 Ω) with the resistivity increasing from 2.533×10⁻⁵ Ω·m to 2.725×10⁻⁵ Ω·m, while at 25 μm, the resistance increased from 0.867 Ω to 0.997 Ω and the resistivity increased from 2.600×10⁻⁵ Ω·m to 2.992×10⁻⁵ Ω·m (corresponding to a 15.4% increase). The statistical analysis performed showed an increase in the standard deviation after torsion, indicating variation in response between samples due to the non-uniformity of the microstructure. These findings demonstrate that torsional deformation not only significantly alters the electrical properties of materials, but also exhibits a magnitude-dependent effect, with larger effects observed at higher displacement levels. The implications of the study suggest the need for special consideration in applications of conductive materials that are subjected to torsional stress, especially in environments with cyclic loading. The data obtained provide a solid basis for modeling material durability in electromechanical engineering design and for future use in studies on flexible electronics.
IMPACT OF VENTILATION SETTING ON CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) ACCUMULATION IN A COMPACT CAR CABIN ENVIROMENT
Indoor air quality (IAQ) in vehicle cabins is a growing concern, particularly due to rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in enclosed environments during prolonged occupancy. This study investigates the behavior of CO₂ concentration over time under various ventilation and operational conditions in a compact vehicle cabin. The primary objective is to evaluate the impact of ventilation mode (recirculation vs. fresh air), vehicle status (static vs. running), and time of day (AM vs. PM) on CO₂ accumulation, referencing established standards such as ASHRAE and SAE. A total of eight experimental setups were conducted using a Perodua Axia, involving two to four passengers over 60-minute per sessions. CO₂ and temperature were monitored at ten-minute intervals using the GE Telaire® 7001 CO₂/Temperature Monitor. Key parameters such as fan speed and AC setting were held constant to ensure reliable comparisons. Meanwhile the number of occupants count increases from 2 passenger to 4 passenger by time. Data were analysed by plotting CO₂ concentration versus time to visually and statistically evaluate air quality trends. Results revealed that CO₂ levels increased significantly under static and recirculated air conditions, often surpassing the 1000 ppm threshold within 10–15 minutes, indicating potentially unsafe indoor air quality. In contrast, the use of fresh air ventilation in a running vehicle showed the most effective dilution of CO₂, maintaining levels well within safety guidelines. The study concludes that fresh air mode in a moving vehicle offers the best strategy for minimizing CO₂ buildup and ensuring occupant comfort and safety.
A CASE STUDY OF CONTROLLING HUMIDITY IN MALAYSIAN OFFICE BUILDINGS
Microbial growth in buildings is a significant problem in tropical climates, where consistently high humidity levels create ideal conditions for its development. Some office buildings in tropical climates suffered with humidity problems for so many years. Microbial can cause significant health problems, damage to building structures, and discomfort for inhabitants. This case study explores the effectiveness of using air flow controlling method and installing heating coils as a method to control indoor humidity and prevent microbial growth in buildings. The study was conducted in administrative office building, where persistent humidity leads to frequent microbial infestations. The first method, total actual air flow was analysed using cooling load software to set the exact accurate air flow in the building. While the second method, heating coils were installed in the building to regulate temperature and humidity levels. The system was monitored over a period of a month of July 2024 and data was collected through humidity sensors, temperature readings, and visual inspections for microbial growth. The results indicated that both methods effectively reduced indoor humidity levels by increasing air temperature and reducing air flow rate, thereby reducing moisture levels and preventing the conditions conducive to microbial growth. Additionally, the system proved to be energy-efficient when combined with adequate ventilation. The study concludes that controlling humidity is a viable and cost-effective solution to combat microbial growth in tropical climates, although factors like energy consumption and maintenance need careful consideration. Further research is recommended to explore the optimal integration of heating coils with other building systems.
THE EFFECT OF SOLVENT RATIO ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF HYBRID GNP/AG CONDUCTIVE INKS UNDER CYCLIC TORSIONAL STRESS
Hybrid conductive inks composed of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles are gaining significant attention for their enhanced electrical conductivity and mechanical properties, particularly in flexible electronics and wearable devices. The solvent ratio is decisive in determining the quality of the ink as it affects nanoparticle dispersion and stability. These factors, in turn, affect the ink's conductivity and overall performance. This study investigates the impact of solvent composition on the electrical performance of GNP/Ag hybrid conductive inks under cyclic torsional stress, specifically comparing the 10T:10B ratio to the 3T:3B ratio of terpinol to butanol. The curing process, a crucial step in ink preparation, was conducted at 250°C for one hour. Following this, electrical resistance and resistivity were measured using a Two-Point probe to assess the ink's performance. After 4000 cycles, the cyclic torsional test results showed that the 10T:10B formulation had significantly lower resistance (0.18 Ω) and resistivity (10.8 ×10⁻⁶ Ω.m) compared to the 3T:3B formulation (0.81 Ω and 0.48 ×10⁻⁶ Ω.m), indicating superior electrical performance. Prominently, the resistance of the 10T:10B sample was 77.8% lower, indicating more efficient conductivity and a stable and durable conductive network. These findings emphasise the importance of solvent composition and the curing process in optimising the performance and stability of conductive inks for high-stress applications.
INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL CURING EFFECTS ON HYBRID GNP/SILVER CONDUCTIVE INK PERFORMANCE AND PROPERTIES
Thermal curing plays an important role in determining the final properties of conductive inks. This research presents an investigation of thermal curing effects on hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP)/Silver conductive ink performance and properties. The GNP and silver were used to form a hybrid conductive ink with a different ratio of organic solvents of 1-butanol and terpineol. The GNP/Silver conductive ink was printed on the copper substrate and cured for five hours in the oven at 260 °C. The electrical performance of the hybrid conductive ink was observed in terms of average bulk resistance and average resistivity before and after the cyclic bending test. Results show the ratio of 60:40 of 1-butanol to terpineol gives the lowest initial average bulk resistance 0.8 Ω, and resistivity 4.8 x 10-5Ω.m when cured at 260 °C, but after 16000 cycles of bending, the ink gives the highest average bulk resistance 1.18 Ω and resistivity 7.08 x 10-4 Ω.m. In conclusion, the GNP/Ag conductive inks' solvent ratio influenced in electrical performance of GNP/Silver conductive ink when cured at 260 °C. This study demonstrates that the solvent ratio of 1-butanol to terpineol significantly influences both the initial electrical conductivity and mechanical durability of thermally cured GNP/Silver conductive inks, revealing a performance trade-off critical for flexible electronic applications. For further investigation, the cyclic bending test should be conducted for a higher number of cycles.
EFFECTS OF CYCLIC BENDING ON MICROSTRUCTURE OF HYBRID CARBON-METAL CONDUCTIVE INKS
Conductive inks are widely employed in flexible electronics and circuits that undergo repeated bending or flexing, which can significantly affect the electrical and mechanical performance. This research presents the effects of cyclic bending on the microstructure of hybrid carbon-metal conductive ink. Using an ultrasonic bath, a sonication technique was employed to fabricate the hybrid carbon-metal powder using Graphene Nanoplatelets and silver flakes. The hybrid carbon-metal conductive ink was developed using a different ratio of organic solvent, cured at 260 °C, and underwent a cyclic bending test for 16000 cycles. Mechanical properties were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope to evaluate the microstructure of the ink. The findings indicate that the ratio of 50:50 of 1-butanol to terpineol shows dense and compact filler networks with minimal voids and well-dispersed Graphene Nanoplatelets and silver flakes with the lowest value of resistance and resistivity after 16000 cycles. In conclusion, the carbon-metal conductive inks cured at 260 °C for five hours show improved electrical performance during the cyclic bending test. For further investigation, the curing temperature should remain at 260 °C for different curing durations.
INNOVATING PROCUREMENT OPERATIONS: AN INTEGRATED PURCHASE ORDER MANAGEMENT IN THE PURCHASING DEPARTMENT
This project aims to develop a better Purchase Order Management (POM) system for the Purchasing Department. The current system uses only Microsoft Excel and involves many separate files, which makes the process slow and complicated. To solve this, a new system was created using Microsoft Excel combined with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). This new system combines all processes into one file and helps reduce the time needed to complete purchase orders. The report explains how the new system was designed and built by studying the best methods and tools available. It focuses on making the process easier and faster by improving tasks such as filling out forms, tracking deliveries, and recording information in the logbook. The study includes 15 purchase samples orders and were compared using both the old and new systems. The results showed that the old system took an average of 192.53 seconds per order, while the new system only took 59.65 seconds. This means the new system saved about 132.88 seconds, or 69% less time on average. The time savings were consistent across all orders. In conclusion, this project shows that using Excel and VBA together can greatly improve the speed and efficiency of managing purchase orders, making the work process easier and more effective for the department.