INNOVATIONS IN MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DESIGN FOR IOT: EFFICIENCY, MINIATURIZATION, AND PRODUCTION COSTS

Abstract

Microstrip antennas are critical to the development of IoT technologies due to their compactness, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. However, challenges such as maintaining radiation efficiency during miniaturization and addressing the high costs of large-scale production persist. This study hypothesizes that integrating innovative materials like graphene with existing designs can overcome these limitations. The objective is to identify advancements and gaps in microstrip antenna design to enhance their efficiency and scalability for IoT applications. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on antenna innovations, energy efficiency, miniaturization techniques, and production costs. Key findings show that while advancements like mesh grid designs and metamaterials improve high-frequency performance and reduce costs, issues at low frequencies and scalability remain unresolved. Results highlight the potential of graphene to improve radiation efficiency across frequencies and reduce costs, while multifunctional antennas with machine learning offer dynamic solutions for frequency adjustments. In conclusion, this study underscores the need for graphene optimization and scalable solutions to support efficient, reliable microstrip antennas, meeting the demands of IoT's rapid expansion.